I thought the experiments were all very clever, and it is a good idea to try and figure out why people conform and in what situations. All experiments showed similar results; people will conform to a group or situation and do what they are told. Most of the people who participated did conform and it was a larger number than expected by psychologists. In Asch's conformity experiment, most of the people agreed with the others who purposely said the wrong line. It is interesting that they agreed because they clearly thought something differently and were agreeing to a wrong answer just to fit in. In Milgram's obedience experiment, the teachers thought they were causing harm to a person, and they continued to do it just because they were told to. They could hear the pain and agony from the student and did not want to continue the experiment but not very many quit the experiment. A shocking 2/3 of the people in the experiment went all the way to the end even though they thought they were giving a very horrible shock to someone. It is amazing that so many people would be obedient even when they were knowingly cause harm to someone. It is kind of like the saying: "If your friends jumped off a roof, would you do it too?" If that saying were like the results of this experiment, most people would jump off the roof. In the Stanford Prison experiment, the guards and prisoners lost sense of reality and played their actual rolls. The guards were cruel and the prisoners obeyed their every command. The studies show that it is human nature to conform to what others are doing in order to fit in. I believe people do this to save themselves from the embarassment of being wrong or different.
Social influence is a great power and has to do with conformity, compliance, and group behavior. It is the influence is when a person's actions are affected by other people. Normative social influence is influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Informational social influence is influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality. An example is during a class election; voting for someone just because everyone else is, even though you know they are not the best candidate. Another example is if you are hanging out with friends and they are drinking; you drink too so you can fit in, even though you know there may be consequences. An example from my life is during class discussions or quizzes. I have gone along with answers that other people said even though I originally thought something different.
The most interesting thing I learned in this class is the other-race effect. This is the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than the faces of other races. I find this interesting because this is something I often do. I cannot tell the difference between Asian people and I know many other white people can't either, but I didn't know that it had a name until chapter 16. It is also interesting that it emerges during infancy, between 3 and 9 months of age. Babies become own-race biased before they even know the differences between the races. This is kind of sad and is probably a major reason for racial prejudice.
Monday, December 14, 2009
Blog Post #12
Often times it is hard to tell whether someone is just sad or has a psychological disorder, but their are some warning signs. The book says a psychological disorder is ongoing patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional. Deviant behavior is behavior that is different and not normal. Standards for deviant bhavior vary by contet and culture. There are examples of varying culture and normality in the text on page 594. Men of the West African Wodaabe triebe put on elaborate makeup and costumes to attract women. In Western society, the same behavior would break behavioral norms and might be judged abnormal. There are different types of deviant behavior, so in order for it to be considered disordered, deviant behavior must cause distress. Deviant behaviors are often times considered disordered when they cause dysfunction. Most of the time, deviant and distressful behaviors along with dysfunction are a clear sign of a psychological disorder. If someone is acting abnormally, it does not always mean they have a psychological disorder. Their abnormal behavior may be caused from a certain event, the environment, or stress. They will get over it and it will not cause them dysfunction. An intense fear of spiders may be deviant, but if it doesn't impair your life it is not a disorder.
I may have had obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) when I was younger. I was not dysfunctional because of my deviant behavior, but I did have many of the compulsive behaviors that people with OCD have. Obsessive-compulsive diorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions). Obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors cross the line between normal and disorder behaviors when they persistently interfere with everyday living and cause the person distress. An example from the book is washing your hands. Washing your hands is normal; washing so often that your skin becomes raw is not. OCD is a common disorder for teens and young adults. A study indicated that obsessions and compulsions of people with the disorder gradually lessen over time. I think I may have had OCD because when I was little I had to do everything a certain number of times. I couldn't just do or say something once. I had to do or say it over and over again or I thought it wouldn't count. I also had to do or say something and even number of times. Another thing I had to do is check my entire house before I could go to sleep. I'm not sure if i had OCD or not but either way the deviant behavior is annoying. It interferes with getting things done in a timely fashion, if you can even get them done at all. Living with the disorder would obstruct a person's living. They would constantly be thinking obsessive thoughts and it would get in the way of carrying out simple tasks.
Schizophrenia was the most interesting thing I learned about in this chapter. It is a group of severe diorders characterized by diorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions, and it means split mind. It is interesting because it affects many people and is a cluster of disorders. Delusions, or false beliefs; hallucinations; and inappropriate emotions and actions are common symptoms. The emotions of schizophrenia are often inappropriate and split off from reality. Schizophrenia typically strikes as young people are maturing into adulthood. It affects both genders, but males are often times struck earlier and more severely. It is a scary disorder because it knows no boundaries and people with schizophrenia often end up in lower socioeconomic levels, or even homeless.
I may have had obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) when I was younger. I was not dysfunctional because of my deviant behavior, but I did have many of the compulsive behaviors that people with OCD have. Obsessive-compulsive diorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions). Obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors cross the line between normal and disorder behaviors when they persistently interfere with everyday living and cause the person distress. An example from the book is washing your hands. Washing your hands is normal; washing so often that your skin becomes raw is not. OCD is a common disorder for teens and young adults. A study indicated that obsessions and compulsions of people with the disorder gradually lessen over time. I think I may have had OCD because when I was little I had to do everything a certain number of times. I couldn't just do or say something once. I had to do or say it over and over again or I thought it wouldn't count. I also had to do or say something and even number of times. Another thing I had to do is check my entire house before I could go to sleep. I'm not sure if i had OCD or not but either way the deviant behavior is annoying. It interferes with getting things done in a timely fashion, if you can even get them done at all. Living with the disorder would obstruct a person's living. They would constantly be thinking obsessive thoughts and it would get in the way of carrying out simple tasks.
Schizophrenia was the most interesting thing I learned about in this chapter. It is a group of severe diorders characterized by diorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions, and it means split mind. It is interesting because it affects many people and is a cluster of disorders. Delusions, or false beliefs; hallucinations; and inappropriate emotions and actions are common symptoms. The emotions of schizophrenia are often inappropriate and split off from reality. Schizophrenia typically strikes as young people are maturing into adulthood. It affects both genders, but males are often times struck earlier and more severely. It is a scary disorder because it knows no boundaries and people with schizophrenia often end up in lower socioeconomic levels, or even homeless.
Sunday, November 22, 2009
Blog Post #11
My personality is definitely "special." At least I get that a lot. Sometimes I can be very goofy but I know when to be serious. I would say I'm a fun loving person and I like to have a good time. I see myself as easy to get along with. I am not quick to judge and I don't stereotype. I meet all people with an open mind. I am usually shy when I first meet people. After I get to know them, I become talkative. I am always willing to lend a hand when someone needs help, and I am a very compassionate person. I need to have a plan for everything or I just can't sleep at night. I get up and make lists which makes me a pretty organized person. My lists make me responsible and I always get my work done. Although I'm organized in that way, my room is a mess so I don't know if I can really consider myself organized. I get distracted very easily. It takes me twice as long to get a job done because I'll start to do something else. I would say my personality is mostly good and I have more good traits than bad. One of the good traits I have is I'm friendly. It is good because it makes me very easy to get along with, if you take the time to get to know me. I'm almost always nice to everyone, even when they do something wrong to me. I am an easy going person. This is good because I can go with the flow and don't object to much. It also saves a lot of arguments. I am also caring. I take the time to think about how something I do will affect the people around me. If someone has a problem or something they need to talk about I will give advice to help them. Another good trait I have is responsibility. I can be counted on to always get my work done. This is good because people can trust in me, and I won't let them down. I am a forgiving person. This is good for me and for the people who did something to me. It helps me not to hold grudges, and I get over things very easily. It helps to stop the argument with the other person, and lets us go on with our other business. One of my bad traits is I'm quiet. I'm shy when I am around new people and don't talk much. This is bad because it gives people the wrong idea about me. They may think I don't like them and it just leads to misunderstandings. Another one of my bad traits is I'm very self-conscious. I always feel like people are judging me, so I have to be perfect. This is bad because it makes me very hard on myself. Very rarely do I feel like I've done a really good job on something. Another bad trait is I'm very trusting. I trust almost everyone, and it takes a lot before I will start to not trust someone. This can be a good thing, but for me it's bad. It makes me very gullible, which isn't a very good trait. People can fool me very easily just because I think they're always telling the truth.
I am both an optimist and a pessimist, depending on the situation. When it comes to someone else, I am always optimistic and tell them they can do it. If I'm on a team, I'm always cheering on the others. I tell them we can do it and always try and bring them upif we're losing. If we're winning, I encourage them to keep going. Sometimes I am a pessimist when it comes to me though. I always think I'm going to do bad on something. I feel I could be better, look better, or have better things. I am especially pessimistic with my grades. I get good grades, but I always think I'm going to do bad on tests. Although I can be pessimistic, sometimes I'm optimistic with myself. If someone tells me I can't do something, it makes me work harder. I tell myself I can do it, and don't stop until I prove them wrong. I would say I'm optimistic more than I am pessimistic even though I do say " I can't" a lot.
My quietness is one of the traits that varies depending on the situation. When I'm with new people, I feel awkward and I don't talk much. I think I am more introverted than extroverted, but as I've gotten older I'm not quite as introverted. When I was young, I never talked. Now since I've experienced more, I am not as bad when I meet new people. I am not quiet or shy when I'm around people I know well or my friends. I am very talkative and sociable. I actually get told by teachers to be quiet. Another one of my traits that varies is being open or closed-minded. I'm open-minded most of the time. I am always interested in trying new things and having new experiences. I feel like you should try everything you can. You only have one life on earth, might as well live it up. Sometimes I am closed-minded depending on what the idea is and who it's proposed by. I am closed to experiences that would have a negative effect on my future. I have big plans for my future, and I don't want to screw them up. For that reason, sometimes I am closed-minded and I always think things through.
I use defense mechanisms all the time. They help me to cope with whatever is going on in my life. I use displacement, the expression of feelings toward a person/thing less threatening than the true target of those feelings, often. I use it when I'm really stressed out and it reduces my anxiety. When I use it, usually I'll squeeze a stress ball or hit something and it takes out my agression. Another mechanism I've used is reaction formation, or the tendency to act in a manner opposite to one's true feelings. I would do this when I was younger with my crushes. I didn't want anyone to know I liked them, so I wasn't always the nicest to them. You see this case a lot, especially in young kids and adolescents. When I see kids doing that, it reminds me about the days when all the kids my age were like that. When my sister was born I used regression. Regression is relieving anxiety by showing immature behaviors that have relieved anxiety in the past. When she was a baby, I felt like everyone only paid attention to her, so I would act like a baby to so people would pay attention to me. I was so excited when my mom was pregnant but then when my sister was born, I wanted my parents to give her away. I realize now that acting like a baby was a dumb way to get attention. I'm sure almost everyone has done something like this in their lives. I've seen both of my sisters do it and many of my friends when they're siblings were born.
I am both an optimist and a pessimist, depending on the situation. When it comes to someone else, I am always optimistic and tell them they can do it. If I'm on a team, I'm always cheering on the others. I tell them we can do it and always try and bring them upif we're losing. If we're winning, I encourage them to keep going. Sometimes I am a pessimist when it comes to me though. I always think I'm going to do bad on something. I feel I could be better, look better, or have better things. I am especially pessimistic with my grades. I get good grades, but I always think I'm going to do bad on tests. Although I can be pessimistic, sometimes I'm optimistic with myself. If someone tells me I can't do something, it makes me work harder. I tell myself I can do it, and don't stop until I prove them wrong. I would say I'm optimistic more than I am pessimistic even though I do say " I can't" a lot.
My quietness is one of the traits that varies depending on the situation. When I'm with new people, I feel awkward and I don't talk much. I think I am more introverted than extroverted, but as I've gotten older I'm not quite as introverted. When I was young, I never talked. Now since I've experienced more, I am not as bad when I meet new people. I am not quiet or shy when I'm around people I know well or my friends. I am very talkative and sociable. I actually get told by teachers to be quiet. Another one of my traits that varies is being open or closed-minded. I'm open-minded most of the time. I am always interested in trying new things and having new experiences. I feel like you should try everything you can. You only have one life on earth, might as well live it up. Sometimes I am closed-minded depending on what the idea is and who it's proposed by. I am closed to experiences that would have a negative effect on my future. I have big plans for my future, and I don't want to screw them up. For that reason, sometimes I am closed-minded and I always think things through.
I use defense mechanisms all the time. They help me to cope with whatever is going on in my life. I use displacement, the expression of feelings toward a person/thing less threatening than the true target of those feelings, often. I use it when I'm really stressed out and it reduces my anxiety. When I use it, usually I'll squeeze a stress ball or hit something and it takes out my agression. Another mechanism I've used is reaction formation, or the tendency to act in a manner opposite to one's true feelings. I would do this when I was younger with my crushes. I didn't want anyone to know I liked them, so I wasn't always the nicest to them. You see this case a lot, especially in young kids and adolescents. When I see kids doing that, it reminds me about the days when all the kids my age were like that. When my sister was born I used regression. Regression is relieving anxiety by showing immature behaviors that have relieved anxiety in the past. When she was a baby, I felt like everyone only paid attention to her, so I would act like a baby to so people would pay attention to me. I was so excited when my mom was pregnant but then when my sister was born, I wanted my parents to give her away. I realize now that acting like a baby was a dumb way to get attention. I'm sure almost everyone has done something like this in their lives. I've seen both of my sisters do it and many of my friends when they're siblings were born.
Monday, November 16, 2009
Blog Post #10
In chapter nine, I learned about belief perseverance. It is clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. The book gave an example with two people who had opposing views about capital punishment. Each person studied the opposite side's views but clung to their own views. I can relate to this. In College English we are writing a persuasive paper. One of the examples we looked at was about capital punishment. The paper listed the pros and cons of it, and I clung to my initial belief and my mind didn't change. The more we come to appreciate why our beliefs might be true, the more tightly we cling to them. Once beliefs form and get justified, it takes more compelling evidence to change them than it did to create them. People commonly form these beliefs in politics.
The book defines creativity as the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. The dictionary says that creativity is the ability to transcend traditional ideas and create meaningful new ideas. The first thing I think of when I think creativity is art and music. Artists and musicians are very creative. They come up with ideas that will touch and entertain many people. I don't know if I would consider myself creative. Sometimes I come up with very creative ideas and other times I cannot think of anything. I really think my creativity depends on my mood and the environmental factors around me. If I am under stress, I have a hard time coming up with ideas. This leads me to get frustrated, which makes coming up with ideas and being creative even harder. When I am creative, it usually has to do with school projects. Sometimes I come up with creative ideas to display something on a poster. I also come up with unique ideas for art projects. Once I get my ideas and creativity started, it is easy to come up with more. The hard part is thinking of an initial idea. Creativity applies to my life mainly in projects and arranging things. I can't think of anything else that I have already used a lot of creativity to come up with. I'm sure in the future, I will use creativity in college and my future career. It is a very great asset to have creative intelligence. You have to come up with ideas or a plan for almost everything you do. You have to use ideas for everyday tasks at home and greater tasks at work. You need creativity to come up with ideas, especially valuable ideas that will work. Creativity is a characteristic that is appreciated by employers. Being creative will also help you to get a job. You can do or say something in an interview or resume that will get you noticed and make an employer want you for a job.
The thing I found most interesting in chapter 10 was savant syndrome. It is a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing. Brain damage may destroy one ability but leave others intact. The book talks about how some people with savant syndrome may have almost no language ability but can compute numbers in their heads as fast and accurately as a calculator. One person the book mentions is Kim Peek. He is a savant who has a great memory. He can read a page in 8 to 10 seconds and remember everything on it. He has memorized the Bible and 9,000 other books. That is amazing! I don't think I have even read 9,000 books, and that's how many he has memorized. It would be kind of cool to have a memory like him. You would ace every test and be able to refer to anything you have read perfectly, in order to prove your point. In some ways I don't think I would want to be able to remember all of that stuff though. He might get confused sometimes just because he has so much in his head.
The book defines creativity as the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. The dictionary says that creativity is the ability to transcend traditional ideas and create meaningful new ideas. The first thing I think of when I think creativity is art and music. Artists and musicians are very creative. They come up with ideas that will touch and entertain many people. I don't know if I would consider myself creative. Sometimes I come up with very creative ideas and other times I cannot think of anything. I really think my creativity depends on my mood and the environmental factors around me. If I am under stress, I have a hard time coming up with ideas. This leads me to get frustrated, which makes coming up with ideas and being creative even harder. When I am creative, it usually has to do with school projects. Sometimes I come up with creative ideas to display something on a poster. I also come up with unique ideas for art projects. Once I get my ideas and creativity started, it is easy to come up with more. The hard part is thinking of an initial idea. Creativity applies to my life mainly in projects and arranging things. I can't think of anything else that I have already used a lot of creativity to come up with. I'm sure in the future, I will use creativity in college and my future career. It is a very great asset to have creative intelligence. You have to come up with ideas or a plan for almost everything you do. You have to use ideas for everyday tasks at home and greater tasks at work. You need creativity to come up with ideas, especially valuable ideas that will work. Creativity is a characteristic that is appreciated by employers. Being creative will also help you to get a job. You can do or say something in an interview or resume that will get you noticed and make an employer want you for a job.
The thing I found most interesting in chapter 10 was savant syndrome. It is a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing. Brain damage may destroy one ability but leave others intact. The book talks about how some people with savant syndrome may have almost no language ability but can compute numbers in their heads as fast and accurately as a calculator. One person the book mentions is Kim Peek. He is a savant who has a great memory. He can read a page in 8 to 10 seconds and remember everything on it. He has memorized the Bible and 9,000 other books. That is amazing! I don't think I have even read 9,000 books, and that's how many he has memorized. It would be kind of cool to have a memory like him. You would ace every test and be able to refer to anything you have read perfectly, in order to prove your point. In some ways I don't think I would want to be able to remember all of that stuff though. He might get confused sometimes just because he has so much in his head.
Sunday, November 8, 2009
Blog Post #9
Memory is probably the most important thing that defines individuals as human beings. It distinguishes humans from others. Humans have the ability to learn, retain information, and accomplish new tasks because of memory. Animals have basic instincts which just allow them to live. If we did not have memory, we wouldn't be able to do nearly as many of the things we know how to do. We would be like animals having suvival insticts like knowing how to eat and dress, but we wouldn't be able to work or do anything really productive. We would not recognize people or really know who we are. Everything we do or see would be like our first time doing or seeing something just like Clive Wearing. Clive Wearing doesn't really know who he is. He is confused and thinks he has never eaten, tasted, touched, or smelled anything. He has no regognition of being alive. Clive was a great musician. One day he got a headache that didn't go away. After a few days he started losing his memory. There is damage to his temporal lobes which are responsible for memory. There is also damage to his frontal lobe, which causes him to repeat himself and have emotional outbursts. Now he has a moment to moment memory. After 20 seconds his memory restarts. He thinks he is awaking for the first time. She handles it very well. She is patient with him even when he gets worked up and yells at her. She stays patient and stands by him even though he has no idea who she is. You can tell she loves him a lot. She acts normal with him but comforts him when he needs it. I don't think I would be able to act the same way she does. I would probably lose my patience with him and be frustrated with him. I feel very grateful that my memory is as good as it is. It seems like you only think about your memory when you forget something and are criticizing it. Clive's story makes me realize how thankful I am that my family and I have good memories.
Yes, I think memory works differently. I didn't realize that a lot of our memories have made up details. I also didn't know you could make a person remember something that never actually happened just by asking them about it repeatedly. I do see my memories differently. I don't think they are as accurate as I used to believe, and I think I may make up a lot of the details. I also don't recognize the details on common objects I see everyday. I did the recognition activity, and it took me around 8 guesses before I finally picked the right penny. For these reasons I don't trust all of my memories.
In this section I learned about chunking. Chunking is organizing items into familiar, manageable units and it often occurs automatically. It is important because it helps to remember things. People remember information best when it can be organized into personally meaningful arrangements. Chunking can be used as a mnemonic techniqueto recall unfamiliar material. I use chunking all the time in my Spanish class to help me learn new vocabulary. I also use chunking in all of my other classes to help me learn new concepts.
Yes, I think memory works differently. I didn't realize that a lot of our memories have made up details. I also didn't know you could make a person remember something that never actually happened just by asking them about it repeatedly. I do see my memories differently. I don't think they are as accurate as I used to believe, and I think I may make up a lot of the details. I also don't recognize the details on common objects I see everyday. I did the recognition activity, and it took me around 8 guesses before I finally picked the right penny. For these reasons I don't trust all of my memories.
In this section I learned about chunking. Chunking is organizing items into familiar, manageable units and it often occurs automatically. It is important because it helps to remember things. People remember information best when it can be organized into personally meaningful arrangements. Chunking can be used as a mnemonic techniqueto recall unfamiliar material. I use chunking all the time in my Spanish class to help me learn new vocabulary. I also use chunking in all of my other classes to help me learn new concepts.
Sunday, November 1, 2009
Blog Post #8
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. It is a form of associative learning and it was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. An example of classical conditioning was in Pavlov's experiment with the dog and then tone. During the experiment, the dog began to associate the tone with food so he would salivate when he heard it. Another example is riding a roller coaster and getting sick, and after that feeling sick every time you see a roller coaster. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which one learns to associate a response and its consequence and thus repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results. It is the increase or decrease in a behavior based off of the consequences. For example, if you study for a test and receive an A, you are more likely to study for the next test. The difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is operant conditioning deals with behavior modification maintained from consequences and classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of behaviors drawn out from antecedent conditions. The main difference is classical conditioning isn't maintained from consequences. This is interesting and applies to my life because myself along with everyone learns using these two different methods. I study for all my tests because I have learned that I usually will get As if I do, but if I don't I don't do as well. I have gotten sick in an examination room at the doctor, so now every time I go in one, I feel nauseas.
Positive reinforcement is a way to increase behaviors by presenting positive stimuli. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strenthens the response. For example, when we were training my dog to go to the bathroom and he was good, we gave him treats. We also did that when teaching him to listen to us. I believe positive reinforcement works really well because it came up with good results for my dog and when my parents use it on me. If I get good grades, my parents positively reinforce my actions by giving me something or taking me out to eat. A negative reinforcement is a way to increase behaviors by stopping or reduce negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. An example in my life is when I take ibuprofen to relieve a headache or icing when I'm sore. Negative reinforcement increases the odds that you will repeat the behaviors. To me, this concept is a little confusing because when you think of negative, you think of bad things, but negative reinforcement is actually good. Punishment is different positive and negative reinforcement because it decreases a behavior. It is imposing something unpleasant in response to disobedience or a wrong action, in order to stop or decrease that action. When I was little, my parents would punish me by putting me on time-outs. Now, when I disobey, they threaten to take away my keys.
The most interesting thing I learned is how much the media and TV influences what people do. From TV, children learn about bullying, sex, and how to act. The violence-viewing effect leads to desensitization and imitation. Studies show that there is increased agression in those heavily exposed to violent television shows, videos, and video games. It is amazing that about 83% of boys and 61% of girls who are exposed to a large amount of violence in the media were involved in fights. I think that parents shouldn't let their children watch violence and that parents should use locks on their TV to keep their young children from viewing violence. I can apply this to my everyday life when I'm older by not allowing my children to watch violent shows or play video games that are full of violence.
Positive reinforcement is a way to increase behaviors by presenting positive stimuli. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strenthens the response. For example, when we were training my dog to go to the bathroom and he was good, we gave him treats. We also did that when teaching him to listen to us. I believe positive reinforcement works really well because it came up with good results for my dog and when my parents use it on me. If I get good grades, my parents positively reinforce my actions by giving me something or taking me out to eat. A negative reinforcement is a way to increase behaviors by stopping or reduce negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. An example in my life is when I take ibuprofen to relieve a headache or icing when I'm sore. Negative reinforcement increases the odds that you will repeat the behaviors. To me, this concept is a little confusing because when you think of negative, you think of bad things, but negative reinforcement is actually good. Punishment is different positive and negative reinforcement because it decreases a behavior. It is imposing something unpleasant in response to disobedience or a wrong action, in order to stop or decrease that action. When I was little, my parents would punish me by putting me on time-outs. Now, when I disobey, they threaten to take away my keys.
The most interesting thing I learned is how much the media and TV influences what people do. From TV, children learn about bullying, sex, and how to act. The violence-viewing effect leads to desensitization and imitation. Studies show that there is increased agression in those heavily exposed to violent television shows, videos, and video games. It is amazing that about 83% of boys and 61% of girls who are exposed to a large amount of violence in the media were involved in fights. I think that parents shouldn't let their children watch violence and that parents should use locks on their TV to keep their young children from viewing violence. I can apply this to my everyday life when I'm older by not allowing my children to watch violent shows or play video games that are full of violence.
Monday, October 26, 2009
Blog Post #7
Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. It is our five senses: hearing, seeing, tasting, touching, and smelling. If you touched a stove that was hot, your sense of touch would receive stimuli and you would feel heat and pain. Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. It is what can be concluded from the information received from our senses. We can figure out what an object is without looking at it by using our other senses. We can feel and smell an object and know what it is. This is because of perception, the informaition from the receptors was organized and interpreted.
I thought the visual cliff experiment was interesting. A visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. It was concluded that crawling infants can perceive depth because even when being coaxed by their mother, they wouldn't crawl onto the glass. It was interesting that newborn animals with virtually no experience, also don't venture onto the glass. It's amazing that such young beings have depth perception. This supports the nature side of the argument, saying children and animals are born with it. Although seem to be born with depth perception, it grows with age and people becom wary of heights.
An article I found interesting was "Psychology of Magic: 3 Critical Techniques." The article talked about why psychologists are interested in and study magic. Psychologists are interested in the principles of magic because magicians carry out behavioral experiments on people. This is also interesting to me. Then the article explained three techniques used in magic. The first one is pychological misdirection. The magician will point out an object or something appears that distracts the viewers from a movement that is critical for the trick. The second technique is cognitive illusions which can fool our attention and play with the way we predict the future. People often try to predict the future and magicians use this to their advantage such as in the disappearing coin tricks. The third technique is mental forcing, which is when a magician gives the spectator the impression that they have a free choice but then uses a technique to expose an object to the spectator for longer, influencing their decision. This is used in card games where the magician tries to guess the card a spectator has picked. Magic is very interesting to me. I always wonder how magicians do their tricks and this article was interesting because they explained some of the techniques magicians use. The only thing it would change is how I would go about watching a magic trick. Now I know a few methods used during a trick and would be watching for them. This applies to my life if I would go to a magic show. It also applies if I was trying to convince someone to choose something I wanted or if I wanted to influence them in some way. If someone was also trying to trick me, maybe I would be able to figure it out.
I thought the visual cliff experiment was interesting. A visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. It was concluded that crawling infants can perceive depth because even when being coaxed by their mother, they wouldn't crawl onto the glass. It was interesting that newborn animals with virtually no experience, also don't venture onto the glass. It's amazing that such young beings have depth perception. This supports the nature side of the argument, saying children and animals are born with it. Although seem to be born with depth perception, it grows with age and people becom wary of heights.
An article I found interesting was "Psychology of Magic: 3 Critical Techniques." The article talked about why psychologists are interested in and study magic. Psychologists are interested in the principles of magic because magicians carry out behavioral experiments on people. This is also interesting to me. Then the article explained three techniques used in magic. The first one is pychological misdirection. The magician will point out an object or something appears that distracts the viewers from a movement that is critical for the trick. The second technique is cognitive illusions which can fool our attention and play with the way we predict the future. People often try to predict the future and magicians use this to their advantage such as in the disappearing coin tricks. The third technique is mental forcing, which is when a magician gives the spectator the impression that they have a free choice but then uses a technique to expose an object to the spectator for longer, influencing their decision. This is used in card games where the magician tries to guess the card a spectator has picked. Magic is very interesting to me. I always wonder how magicians do their tricks and this article was interesting because they explained some of the techniques magicians use. The only thing it would change is how I would go about watching a magic trick. Now I know a few methods used during a trick and would be watching for them. This applies to my life if I would go to a magic show. It also applies if I was trying to convince someone to choose something I wanted or if I wanted to influence them in some way. If someone was also trying to trick me, maybe I would be able to figure it out.
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